اسلامی تصور خلافت پراستشراقی اثرات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
”In 11/632 the Prophet died, leaving unsettled the question of succession. The dispute over governance was resolved in favor of Abu Bakr, a distinguished Meccan of senior age who had adopted Islam when Mohammad was still preaching his new religion in the city. Abu Bakr’s short tenure as caliph, however, allowed him to accomplish little more than to quell the so-called apostasy rebellions that erupted among the Arab tribes upon the death of the Prophet. By the time of his death in 13/634, order was restored, the tribes having been largely subdued. With this reassertion of Islamic dominance over the entire Arabian Peninsula, the nascent state emerged more powerful, with a reinforced assurance of its military strength and religious conviction.”(Wael B. Hallaq, The origins and evolution of Islamic law, Cambridge university press, page#29)
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